Tag Archives: public education

Parent Demands in Public Education are not Parent Rights.

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Hot button:  an emotional and usually controversial issue or concern that triggers immediate intense reaction.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hot%20button

Public education in the United States is a long story of hot button issues.  Emerging from a pandemic fraught with hot buttons – vaccines, school closures, remote education, quarantining, information and disinformation, lost trust in public schools – we may want a calmer educational environment.  But we are not getting calm.  The hot button today is parental rights in education – red hot!

What do we know?

Parental rights in education begin with two constructs.

  1. The US Constitution does not include any statement of parental rights in education.  The late Justice Scalia labeled parent rights in education as “unenumerated”.  As such, there is no basis for shaping law or policy based upon what the Founding Fathers wrote.  Specific rights to determine a child’s education are not extended to parents nor protected by the Constitution.
  • Nature abhors a vacuum.  In the absence of substance in a defined space, surrounding and denser matter will invade the space until the defined space looks and acts like its surrounding.  So, it is with parental rights in education.  In the absence of a legal basis, parental rights are whatever parent activism can carve out of the undefined space of law.

Why are these constructs important to understanding parental rights in education?  In any dispute regarding an act of the state, in this case a school district or school board, the argument is first reviewed under the Constitution.  Because education is not enumerated, attention is given to the 14th Amendment that ensures due process and establishes concepts of equal protection under the law. 

Although education is not a function of the federal government, Congress has taken action to ensure the rights of citizens within public education.  For example, the 14th Amendment provided for equal access to education and the end of racially segregated schools.  It also pointed Congress to pass PL 94-142 protecting the rights of, meeting the individual needs of, and improving the educational results for children with disabilities and their families.  PL 94-142 may be as close as the federal government has come to stipulating that parents and schools are equal partners in determining the best educational placement for their child.

Further, we know.

The US Constitution implies that each state government is responsible for the establishment of public education in its state.

In the WI Constitution, chapter 118.01(1) – Purpose establishes the authority for the creation of public schools.  “Public education is a fundamental responsibility of the state.  The constitution vests in the state superintendent the supervision of public instruction and directs the legislature to provide for the establishment of district schools.  The effective operation of the public schools is dependent upon a common understanding of what public s hooks should be and do.  Establishing such goals and expectations is a necessary and proper complement to the state’s financial contribution to education.  Each school board should provide curriculum, course requirements and instruction consistent with the goals and expectations established under sub. (2).  Parents and guardians of pupils enrolled in the school district share with the state and the school board the responsibility for pupils meeting the goals and expectations under sub. (2).”

https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/118

Eight goals for public schools in Wisconsin are enumerated in WI Stat 118.01(2).

https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/118/01/2

The duties and powers of a local school board are enumerated in the state constitution.  In 118.001 Duties and powers of school boards; construction of statutes, the legislature says “The statutory duties and powers of school boards shall be broadly construed to authorize any school board action that is within the comprehensive meaning of the terms of the duties and powers, if the action is not prohibited by the laws of the federal government or of this state. 

So, what do we know?

The US Constitution does not address education.  The responsibility for education is implied to the various states.

The WI constitution authorizes the state superintendent to supervise public education and local school boards to implement public education.  The constitution enumerates goals and expectations for public education in WI and authorizes school boards to create policies and rules to achieve these goals and expectations.  Parents and guardians “share” responsibility with the state and school board for assisting children to meet goals and objectives.

There is no constitutional or statutory discussion regarding the rights of parents.  Parents “share” in the responsibility to achieve the state’s goals in educating children.

What changed?

Educational policy is no longer about children but about adults.  Very few educational policies today are designed to improve or enhance teaching or student learning and achievement.  There are exceptions such as Act 20, Wisconsin’s new literacy and reading proficiency law.  Most policies today are written and enacted to achieve the political goals of adults.  The simple version of this story is that children in school don’t vote, their parents vote.  So educational politics focuses on satisfying adult voters.

Conservative populist politicians can build constituencies based on attacking social and cultural institutions, like schools, libraries, museums, and public media.  They exercise elected authority to shape public education in ways that appeal to voters and donors.  While they are not able to affect federal policy, they use gerrymandered state houses to affect state legislation, state departments of education, and policies at the local school district level.

Education is a soft target because everyone is a product of childhood education and from their experiences is a self-made expert about schools.  Public education is a soft target because it is large and statewide and a problem in one school district can be implied as a problem for all school districts – it is easy to generalize.  And public education is funded by tax dollars, and everyone favors reduced taxes.  Lastly, public education is attacked by those who want this most public of state institutions to give them as individuals what they want as individuals and to codify their specific wants into laws for everyone.

Governor Walker (WI) used Act 10 to diminish the connection between teacher unions and the Democratic Party in Wisconsin.  The Act had other ramifications for school operations, but its origin was to decrease the political power of public employee unions. Although the legislative slogan implied shifting power from collectively bargained contracts to school board decision-making, the realities of school financing changed very little over time.

Governor Youngkin (VA) campaigned on promises of empowering parents and restoring excellence in education.  With a Republican-led legislature, he banned critical race theory discussion in schools and retracted accommodations for transgender students.  His legislature also passed a pro-education budget to placate those opposed to his policy changes.  Youngkin empowers parents to be active in pushing conservative values at their local school board level with a “we support what you want” encouragement.

Governor DeSantis (FL) has gone beyond policy to enforcement with threats of incarceration and loss of teaching license for educators who do not comply with his mandates.  He states that “Florida is where woke goes to die” and “We will not allow reality, facts, and truth to be optional”.  Parental rights in Florida are only for parents who agree with their governor.  Rights are restricted for those.

Governor Reynolds (IA) moved the state legislature to significantly change school financing.  Now every child represents an amount of state aid regardless of enrollment in public, private, or parochial school.  Every student is a voucher, and every school is a voucher school.  It does not jive with the Founding Fathers’ separation of church and state, but it passes muster with Iowa’s Republicans, and they are the votes who matter to Reynolds’s.

The pandemic re-taught Americans that all politics are local.  School board meetings are open to public participation and typically have less than a dozen residents in attendance.  Parents with a pandemic-based purpose found that a school board confronted by a vocal handful could either command board members to approve their policy demands by their loud and in-your-face presence or cause boards to shut down and adjourn meetings without enacting the posted agenda.  Neither outcome was good for the school district but accomplished the goals of selected parents – give me what I want.

While most school boards did not experience a capitulation or shut down, board meeting confrontations were common enough to shift the traditional relationships between parents and board members.  Parents who disagreed with pandemic masking disenrolled their children seeking a school with more favorable policies.  Parents who disagreed with quarantining and school closures disenrolled in favor of home schooling.  And parents who disagreed with masking and closures and kept their children enrolled in the school became constant voices at school board meetings and in local media.  Goodwill and traditional trust were eroded on both sides by what was said and written by both sides.

The relational upshot from the pandemic is that growing numbers of parents want and demand an active voice in the daily operations of their local school.  Voice no longer is about masking, but is about the books in classrooms and libraries, the curriculum that is taught, and the language and dispositions that teachers use in daily teaching that are subjected to parental review.  It is about partitions between genders.  It is about diversity and inclusivity.  A new status arose from the pandemic – a parent has the right to determine school policy and rules regarding her child. 

The Big Duh!

There is no legal authority in our public law for parental rights in education.

There is a growing charismatic authority in political leadership that wants to give specific rights to parents relative to public education in exchange for the political support of those parents.

The dichotomy between the public and parents lies in the fact that public education is created to achieve the public’s goals in educating children not the goals of individual or groups of parents.

Rights and demands are two different things.   Politics has the capacity to give legitimacy to parent demands, turning them into legislated parent rights.  This is a changing landscape with an unknown future.  What the pendulum swing of one partisan legislature approves may be disapproved when the pendulum swings again.

At the end of the day, public schooling is about children not about parents.  Parents choose the school in which to enroll their children and share with teachers and school leaders in the responsible assurances that all children will achieve the school’s educational goals.  Excepting the provisions of specific laws, such as PL 94-142 and approved 504 plans, that is the extent of parental rights.

Dropping Educator Prep For Superintendents Is A Bad Idea

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There are answers that resolve the difficult issues of a problem and there are answers that avoid the issues.  School districts in Wisconsin face problems that a recent legislative proposal avoids.  School superintendents are resigning and retiring at a faster rate than new superintendent candidates are being prepared for the job market.  A proposed legislative fix is to eliminate the requirement that superintendents must be trained as educators and licensed by the DPI.  Making the job available to a wider pool of non-educator candidates does not address the problems that cause a shortage of trained superintendents.  This is a bad answer – superintendents are educators first and foremost.  Address the issues that cause superintendents to resign or retire early; do not lessen the training that connects a superintendent with the instruction of children.  Superintendents need to be educators.

The Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel accurately reported the problem and the legislative proposal.  “Over the past few years, the number district administrators leaving the job has nearly doubled. At the start of the 2022-23 school year, 107 of 421 Wisconsin public school districts had a different superintendent from the previous school year, with 65 of them in their first year, according to Wisconsin Association of School District Administrators executive director Jon Bales. This is in comparison to 66 changes in superintendents at the start of the 2021-22 school year.

Under current law, all school district administrators in Wisconsin, with the exception of Milwaukee Public Schools, are required to hold a license issued by the Department of Public Instruction. The proposed legislation by Stroebel and Wittke would create a similar exemption for the other 420 public school districts in the state.

‘(The bill) is just an attempt to help provide school districts the option of taking qualified people from candidate pools that they have available to them,’ said Wittke, a member of the Racine Unified School District Board from 2016-19.

‘We just look at it as trying to do things that bring more talent into the K-12 education system and allow talented people to realize the full extent of the expertise that they have,’ Wittke said. ‘(We want to) open up the talent pool and help districts out so they can choose the right person to run the district rather than someone who has a specific license.’”

https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/education/2023/05/17/schools-superintendent-turnover-not-unusual-for-wisconsin/70196216007/

The “heat in the kitchen”.

President Harry Truman gave us his direction for dealing with heated problems.  “If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.”  In a manner of speaking, that is what an increasing number of school superintendents are doing.  After successfully preparing themselves for school district leadership, they abandon their job and/or career.  While President Truman proclaimed himself to be heat resilient, he did not help us understand the issue of heat.  Neither does the Stroebel/Wittke proposal.

The heat is not what it used to be.

Historic heat and current heat are not the same.  In past decades the annual budget or a school referendum or the losing record of the high school football coach were hot school board items.  Parents and residents physically attended a school board meeting, rose to speak to the board, heard each other, and awaited a board decision.  Addressing the board was part of a process and the protocols for speaking with the board were honored.   Heated arguments were made, and some excessive words were used but at the end of the process civility was honored.

In the era of new heat, we add vitriol.  As crass indicators, the new heat can be measured by the decibels of yelling and the amount of spittle that is expelled.  Old heat retained civility and new heat has little regard for self-regulation.  Growing numbers of parents and residents attend physically or Zoom into board meetings and ignore the agenda and parliamentary process.   In many instances, they grab the floor and do not relinquish it until the board gives them the decision they demand, or the meeting is abandoned in chaos.  They leave the lectern to get into the faces of board members.  They over shout those who disagree with their demands.  The new heat is all about forcing board decisions to favor the demands made by the most vocal. 

Superintendents are the school board’s lightening rod.  The district administrator is the board’s executive officer and responsible for implementing the board’s policies.  As the board’s executive, the superintendent also makes recommendations for board consideration.  The superintendent is the point person on all issues thus is the lightening rod that attracts all the storm and fury when there is public disagreement with policy implementation or recommendations of new policies.

Within this tense environment, a recent study found that nearly 40 percent of superintendents reported being threatened or feeling threatened on the job.  And 63 percent of superintendents reported feeling endangered about their mental health and well-being over the past two years.

But while superintendents are feeling the heat, policymakers are unable to accurately determine the impact of pressure on superintendents’ well-being, performance and willingness to stay on the job.’”

https://www.governing.com/education/why-are-so-many-school-superintendents-leaving-their-job

I served as a school superintendent for 15 years and was a school board president during the pandemic and write from experience. 

New hot issues are about parenting and politics not schooling.

“Contributing to this tension are politically divisive issues that many school superintendents have had to navigate over the last three years, including the teaching of race, book bans and providing access to athletics and bathrooms for students who identify as transgender.” 

https://www.governing.com/education/why-are-so-many-school-superintendents-leaving-their-job

The school board is legally authorized to govern local public education and nothing else.  Too many parents and community residents today want the school board to resolve newly heated social and political topics that are not school issues.  Unable to invoke policy at the national or state or municipal level, they turn to the grass roots government of school boards.  Their purpose is to make local policies impose their perspective on everyone in the school district.

No quick fixes; just education.

Public education is public.  Our state Constitution tells us what this means.  Boards are publicly elected.  Schools operate on public tax dollars.  School enrollment is open to all in the public community.  School policies and rules are public documents.  All the business of the board except what the statutes allow to be confidential is a public record.  The doors of a public school may be newly secured, but they are open to the public.  Board meetings are open to public participation.  These attributes are strengths of public education and are part of the solution to emerging struggles.

New stressors that are raised by some in the public must be resolved with the tools of public education – teaching and learning.  This is why school superintendents must be trained and licensed educators.  While elected board members speak for their constituents and their children, superintendents speak for education and the education of all children.  At the board table in front of the public, the superintendent is a singular voice, and that voice must be informed by training and experience.

The superintendent uses teaching skills to prepare the board for the topics on its agenda.  While open meeting laws prevent board members from discussing agenda items prior to meetings, they rely on the superintendent to teach them the background of the topic, the compelling reasons for the topic appearing on this agenda, and the pros and cons of the topic necessary for the board to make an informed decision.  Few board members are trained educators.  They need to be taught by the superintendent to think as educators.

Board members can represent all the traits and characteristics of children in a classroom.  They are not often satisfied with the dictates of a CEO but want to know the why and what if of the topics they consider.  Board members are adult education personified.

Trained superintendents also understand from their school life experiences that successful learning takes time and patience.  Experience taught them that a difficult day for one lesson need not carry into the next day.  Training tells them how to modify their instructional approach to ensure successful board learning.

Trained and experienced superintendents also know that once they have completed their pre-agenda education and presentation, the responsibility for the outcome is up to the board.  It is out of the superintendent’s control.  They know how to release their responsibility to the board.

Beyond teaching board members, superintendents also teach their administrative team, district employees, the community, and children.

Administrative team.  The superintendent leads the central office staff, principals, directors, and department heads.  On a line and staff chart, the superintendent is the person responsible for implementing all district programs.  The faculty and school staff take their organizational direction from the admin team.  A strong superintendent instructs all school leaders in the district vision, mission, and annual goals.  His detailed explanation defines the exact performances required of team members for the district to meet its goals.  Like strong teachers, he models and practices what he teaches and holds himself to the same assessments as his team.

District employees.  An employee who knows the CEO of the organization knows the job he does, has observed the work he does, and understands how the job contributes to the organization feels connected to the organization.  Superintendents who were principals and who were teachers have this background knowledge.  They can speak directly with bus drivers, cleaners, cooks and servers, aides, and all faculty with understanding of the jobs they do.  Conversely, superintendents without school training must rely on the reports of others to indirectly understand an employee’s work.  Except for the largest urban school districts, superintendents who are educators have this essential in-school knowledge and it provides indispensable connections.

Community.  The school community is a set of concentric circles.  Faculty, staff, and children are in the core circle.  Parents of school children are the second circle.  The resident community is the third circle.  Superintendents connect with some of the resident community in the comings and goings of personal living.  Folks at the grocery and gas station see the superintendent frequently; most in the community do not.  Residents know about the schools only from what they hear and read.  For this reason alone, a superintendent must be a community educator who provides frequent, informative, and candid communications to all residents.  Human interest stories matter, especially when they demonstrate that the superintendent knows the people-side of school.  A superintendent forms public opinion about the schools by what he communicates.

Children.  When I was an elementary student I knew my principal, Mrs. Phillips, and my school superintendent, Dr. Salsbury.  I saw Mrs. Phillips almost every day, and I saw Dr. Salsbury’s name in letters to school parents.  Both were real people to me, not just names.  When they spoke, I listened. 

When I was a superintendent with an office in the school’s main hallway, I saw the children of our school every day, and they saw me.  I sat in their classrooms, ate in their cafeteria, and walked their halls.  I considered the school my classroom and just like a teacher I was purposeful in what I said to children.  It was my opportunity to learn from them to better shape their school experience.  Every superintendent needs to get a “kid fix” frequently to remain personally connected with the most important people in the school.

The Big Duh!

If our legislator’s intent is to fill jobs, then any person can be a superintendent.  If their intent is to ensure successful school leadership, then only trained school leaders are qualified to be a superintendent.  As with many things in life, we will get what our legislators settle for.  We hope they settle only for what is best for educating children.

Public Education Ensures Our Future

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“What do you do?”, I was asked.

“I am a public educator.”

“What does that mean?”, he continued.

Declaring oneself to be a public educator is not a common response to “what do you do?”.  From a person working in education, one more commonly hears “I am a teacher”, “I teach math (or 2nd grade or children with special needs)”, I am a high school teacher”, “I coach basketball”, “I am a school counselor”, or “I am the principal at…”.  Those asked usually provide a more precise answer by stating their employment assignment.  Seldom is “public educator” given in a response to “what do you do?”. 

“As a public educator, I prepare each high school graduate to be an informed, inquiring, skill-based young adult citizen ready to be a productive member of our society.”

Is the concept of public important?  Not so much and then very much.

Teacher preparation is what and who we teach.

PI 34 or Chapter 34 of the Wisconsin Administrative Code is the “bible” for teacher licensing in our state.  Licensing programs are tactically written to validate a teacher candidate’s understandings and provide evidence of the candidate’s proficiency in each standard prescribed by PI 34 for a particular teaching license.  Successful candidates are endorsed by their college or university to receive a DPI license to teach a curriculum supported by the issued license.  That is to say, the job of a teacher has fences around it – the grade levels and the specified content of the license issued.  The term “silo” is applied to a variety of descriptors about teaching.  Teachers work within their licensure silo; they are content and grade level specialists.

Our local school is a confederation of these specialist teachers.  We display our faculty roster by teacher name as well as by teaching assignment.  When we advertise a teaching position, we do not list the simple word “teacher” but clearly state the specific licensure we seek.  Our mosaic of teachers is very effective in causing all our students to achieve success in their schooling.  Without failure, when asked “what do you do?”, our specialists will correctly identify their teaching license, their silo of expertise within our school’s faculty.

As a mosaic, take out any one of the many specialist pieces and our school fails to teach all children the curricula they need to learn.  We build a synergy of teaching by uniting all our specialists to our school’s mission and high-performance standards.

Public Education is why we teach.

Chapter 34 does not include the word “public” in its definitions or in its statutory requirements for the establishment of teacher preparation programs or the endorsement of a person as a licensed educator.  It determines what and who we teach, not why we teach.

https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin_code/pi/34/iv/012

In contrast to Chapter 34’s licensing teachers as specialists, Chapter 118 of the Wisconsin Administrative Code, General School Operations, provides the “public” to public education.  The chapter states the purpose, goals, and expectations of public schools.  Section one tells us “Public education is a fundamental responsibility of the state” and there is a “… common understanding of what public schools should be and do…”.  The “be and do” is “Each school board should provide curriculum, course requirements and instruction consistent with the goals and expectations established under sub (2) with … the development of academic skills and knowledge is the most important goal for schools…”.  This is the why statement of public education: to create an educated citizenry.

The specifics of public education, the goals and expectations of our state government for the education of all citizens, are detailed in the chapter’s subsequent sections.  The legislation describes the minimal education of the public in our state in the areas of

  • academic basic skills
  • vocational skills
  • citizenship, and
  • personal development.

I cherry pick statements from each to demonstrate the breadth of what a public education in Wisconsin is supposed to “be and do”.

From academic basic skills –

  • “Analytical skills, including the ability to think rationally, solve problems, use various learning methods, gather and analyze information, make critical and independent judgments and argue persuasively.”
  • “The skills and attitudes that will further lifelong intellectual activity and learning.”

From vocational skills –

  • “An understanding of the range and nature of available occupations and required skills and abilities.”
  • “Positive work attitudes and habits.”

From citizenship –

  • “An understanding of the basic workings of all levels of government, including the duties and responsibilities of citizenship.”
  • “An appreciation and understanding of different value systems and cultures.”
  • “At all grade levels, an understanding of human relations, particularly with regard to American Indians, Black Americans, and Hispanics.”
  • “A commitment to the basic values of our government, including by appropriate instruction and ceremony the proper reverence and respect for and the history and meaning of the American flag, the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, and the constitution and laws of this state.”

From personal development –

  • “The skills needed to cope with social change.”
  • “Ability to construct personal ethics and goals.”
  • “Knowledge of morality and the individual’s responsibility as a social being, including the responsibility and morality of family living and the value of frugality and other basic qualities and principles…”
  • “Knowledge of effective means by which pupils may recognize, avoid, prevent and halt physically or psychologically intrusive or abusive situations which may be harmful to pupils, including child abuse, sexual abuse, and child enticement.”

https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/118/01

One graduating class at a time

School boards, according to the statutes and in real time governance, are responsible for the education of children on their pathway to becoming adult citizens.  Boards do this one graduating class at a time.  Although graduation requirements are a list of course requirements, they speak to the totality of what a student learns in elementary and secondary school.  A 4K-12, chapter 118-based curricula is both broad and deep, requiring attention to foundational and well-scaffolded skill sets.  An education is not achieved by learning or becoming proficient in one academic subject, but by learning the necessary content and skills of a broad array of subjects.

Although students complete annual grade level and course content curricula, most of the outcomes of a public education are not known until well after a graduating class leaves school.  Looking at the mandates of Chapter 118, we don’t know how well students understand and can apply knowledge of vocational skills until they do so in their post-high school life.  And, some outcomes, such as citizenship, are exercised continuously in adulthood.  The quality of a public education is not assessed in our statewide testing systems but is demonstrated by each graduate in their post-high school years.

The mandate of public education is a monumental task.  The role of public educators is to constantly keep our school boards and their educational programs focused on annual achievement goals that, in the aggregate, contribute to a well-educated public.  A person who identifies as a public educator takes a 360-degree view of a 4K-12 education, using achievement data to ensure students are on track to meeting the goals of Chapter 118.  While a teacher focuses on the test data of the content/skills the teacher teaches, a public educator examines a wider swath of data.  Math and reading test data indicates proficiency in math and reading.  Daily attendance data indicates commitment and persistence to being educated.  Student disciplinary data indicates abilities to work and achieve within social and organizational guidelines.  Problem-based and project-based experiences indicate abilities to set goals, analyze information, and strategize problem/project solutions.  Participation in school life indicates healthy socio-emotional dispositions.  Public educators monitor and adjust a multitude of factors that assist children to grow towards successful life as adults.

The graduation handshake

One of the joys for a superintendent and school board member is a handshake with each high school graduate.  In our smaller school districts, the administrator and board member knew each graduating senior over the years of her 4K-12 education.  When the graduate’s name is read, a panoply of memories of the student’s in-school experiences rises as she walks across the graduation stage.  Giving a diploma with one hand and a handshake with the other is a wonderful symbolizing that the goals of a public education will be met in the graduate’s future.

Given the privilege of time and opportunity, we get to check the verity of that confidence in interactions with our local school graduates when they are residents, homeowners, gainfully employed, and often parents of children enrolled in our schools. 

A public education begets our next community.

When the Edges Crumble, We All Fall Down

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Schooling has never been agnostic.  The egalitarian notion that “a mind is a terrible thing to waste” has always been slightly twisted to mean “as long as that mind thinks like my mind”.  As a generalization, we purposed each generation to create enough educated and productive citizens to support our continuing commonwealth.  So much for intentions. 

Within the past decade, the conceptual walls of restraint that have kept schooling and America’s best interests in touch with each other are failing.  The edges of our restraints are crumbling as they are cleaved by narrow-minded self-aggrandizers.  As a result, our enduring concept of an “American Way of Life” is shrinking into regional pockets of “my way of life”.  We no longer have a critical mass of self-balancing integrity, but loud spoken factions wanting public education to espouse their selective self-interests.  When the edges of our social contract fail, and they are, we will fall down.

What we know about us.

In truth, the education of children always has been self-interested.

For several millennia, royals learned to read, write, and count and the masses mumbled.  Property and wealth were guarded by laws interpreted only by men who could read and write it.  Illiterate people were easier to rule.  This social construct for education migrated to America.

The first school in the English colonies, the Boston Latin School of 1635, taught a narrow curriculum to a small number and group of children for specific community purposes.  To fill in the blanks, Boston’s town elders wanted their sons only to have a classical education like their father’s education so that sons could take their rightful place in the elite political, social, and economic life of New England.  Latin, Greek, the Puritan Bible, and the arithmetic of commerce.  White, Puritan, propertied boys only, please.

Up and down the English colonies, this was how early efforts in public education began.  New England merchants, middle colony merchants and landowners, and southern planters each assured an education for the propagation of their regional ways of life.

A change began in our post-Revolutionary expansion into western lands.  Early 1800s immigration brought peoples who aspired for economic and social mobility contrasted with the protective, conservatism of our colonial forefathers.  The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 said “…Article 3.  Religion, morality, knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, school and the means for education shall forever be encouraged” and ideas of a more universal education to support an expanding nation crept into public ed, slowly but not for everyone.  This was the 1800s.  Enslaved people were purposefully kept illiterate.  American Indian children were consigned to boarding schools to educate native culture out of their future.  Gradually, white girls were enrolled in school.  Public education though still white, discarded its denominational and propertied requirements.

Eastern cities used compulsory school attendance laws to manage millions of immigrant children.  Truancy laws were lax when children were an essential and necessary low-cost labor force for mill work. Truancy enforcement became stronger when the need for literate, voting adults was required.  An eighth-grade education was the American educational capstone through the 1930s.  The need for a high school education was confirmed only after America entered WW2 and too many draftees lacked the basic, secondary education our military required.  Sound cynical?  It was. 

For the most part, 19th and 20th century America shaped our public ed into this:  an assured child daycare system that freed adults for work, an elementary-level education that prepared adolescent children for adult employment, a literate population able to read newspapers and magazines for their daily news, and an inculcated understanding of white, mainstream history and non-parochial values.

Still sound cynical?  It was.  It still is.  Politics shapes educational practices constantly.

Public education served special interests beyond literacy.  No matter the need, public ed has been our conduit for government taking significant, universal actions to stem perceived national emergencies.  When President Truman signed the National School Lunch Program, he not only fed school children, he provided a federal subsidy to our nation’s post-war farmers that continues today.  We eradicated polio in the 50s by lining up every boy and girl in school for a shot of Salk and a sugar cube of Sabin vaccines.  Children were a captive public health clientele.  The President’s Physical Fitness Awards became the standard in school PE to assure a constant readiness of fit, young men for military service.  A letter and lapel pin from Ike kept me doing pushups for years.  When the Russians launched Sputnik, we strengthened high school math and science curricula and enrollment in German language resurged because German was the language of physicists.  Public ed was a launching pad for the space race.  Schooling has been an agent for economic stabilization, public health, national defense, and international competition, forever.

In 2002 No Child Left Behind was a knee-jerk response to the downward trending of domestic NAEP and   international PISA test scores.  Politicians feared that the assessed education of American children was failing to keep up with the scores achieved by children in China.  If this continued, the United States would lose its status as the leading international economy.  Nationally mandated curricular standards and testing swamped schooling for the next decade.  We studied Finland’s educational delivery as a model for besting China.  Huh?  With NCLB we let an implied perception that our nation’s international economic status was sliding beat up students and teachers and schools for a decade.

A lesson in a senior economics class should ask this question:  What single expenditure balances a state’s annual budget?  Answer: Money for public schools.  Every governor runs as a “Friend of Education” making loud criticisms regarding the state’s past educational report card with promises for future improvements.  Once elected, each governor, regardless of promises, uses the state’s annual allocation to public education to balance the state’s annual budget.  When revenues are low, the Gov cuts education spending.  Governors ease the impact of inflation on other state agencies by regulating school funding.  The failure to increase education spending always is blamed on the opposition party.

“According to The Century Foundation, we are underfunding our K-12 public schools by nearly $150 billion annual, robbing more than 30 million school children of the resources they need to succeed in the classroom”.  Except, fully funding public education would require spending that partisan governors are unwilling to commit.

When Schools Are Underfunded, Children Suffer

These are facts; you can look them up.

Critical junctures today

The liberal-minded desegregation of public schools in the 1950s and 60s is losing ground to a re-segregation of local schools.   New, conservative state statutes espousing parent rights allow charter schools to evolve into select-enrollment enclaves receiving public funding.  Parent choice is no longer just a choice of available schooling but a right to create schooling for parent purposes.  Segregated charter schools not only reject children of color but also children with educational disabilities.  Courts reason that assigning state funding to the children being schooled rather than to school districts justifies a re-segregating of public schools. 

https://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/black-segregation-matters-school-resegregation-and-black-educational-opportunity

The Return of School Segregation in Eight Charts

States where the governor, legislature, and state Supreme Court are held by one political party are using partisan power to change public schooling.  Statutes are being written to shape curriculum, subjects, and teaching strategies to further partisan thinking.  Books are banned, curriculum is prohibited, and school leaders who oppose such can be charged with felonies. 

https://www.eqfl.org/board-of-education-passes-anti-LGBTQ-rules

https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/1600-books-banned-2021-22-school-year-report-finds-rcna4836

Why Is This Thus?

Perhaps Sir Isaac Newton explains the reversal of integration in public education policy with his third law – for every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.  To wit, slavery led to the abolition of slavery and freed slaves led to Jim Crow laws and that led to the desegregation of schools.  Now, an equal and opposite action reverses integration into a legal resegregation of schools.  However, to accept this explanation is to justify doing wrong and labeling it as right.  Is equal opportunity under the 14th amendment just a majority party definition?  Today, yes.

There are other forces at work. 

Arlie Russell Hochschild (Strangers In Their Own Land) examined the sociology of Louisiana and neighboring communities in Mississippi and Texas.  Specifically, she examined the effects of partisan politics on a population already plagued with a congruence of economic, cultural, and political pressures.  Highly dependent upon a regional oil employment and affiliated industries that made their communities into historic company towns, these working families are not only dependent on industry pay checks but also forced to live in chemically toxic communities.  Politically afraid, they oppose all governmental entitlements that help people of color with food stamps, jobs, and job training.  They see the world as win-loss and believe liberal government is taking from them to give advantage to others.  They support conservatives who are cheerleaders for their local fears. 

But reductive policies and practices are not found only in deep southern states. More than half our 50 state legislatures have entertained bills to restrict curriculum, subjects, and books.  More than half have considered legislation that would restrict student opportunities based upon gender identification. 

School boards in all states are being approached by parents demanding specific books be removed from school library circulation.  Populist censorship is determining what children can read in school. 

What Are We To Do?

The Newtonian pendular swing of partisan-written educational policies will not serve the long-term future of our children.  Special interested voices make the endgames of all their machinations defined by the widest arc of their collective policy statements, and these increasingly speak for fewer and fewer of our population.  Each iteration becomes more and more radical or reactionary and less and less unifying.

I am guided by the sign-off words of a late-night radio host I heard in the 1970s.  “When you know what is right, try to do it” and I flavor his words with Margaret Mead’s commandment “Children must be taught how to think, not what to think”.  Throughout time, when adults attempted to shape the world their children would inherit by placing bias and prejudice in their upbringing, disaster has been sprung upon the world.

An older slogan comes to mind.  Nancy Reagan asked children and young adults to “just say no” when confronted with illegal drugs in the 1980s and 90s.  We need to tell our governmental representatives they are to “just say no” to any legislation intended to ban books, restrict curriculum, or restrict educational participation for special interested reasons.  Our children need to be educated to think and not to regurgitate selective and biased thinking.