A daily deluge of information from more than a thousand possible media sources requires a person to either have a broad background knowledge or constantly Google everything that is not familiar. What a gift children receive from schools that intentionally teach a breadth and depth of academic subjects. While graduation plans focus on post-secondary and career goals, it is a child’s knowledge of a broad range of subjects developed in grades 4 – 12, when they read to learn, that serves them on a daily basis in life after school.
Today’s news – a case in point.
News comes to us in snippets. Quick, short bursts of information that assume we have contextual knowledge within which to understand the momentary news flash.
- The Houthis in Yemen are attacking merchant vessels in the Red Sea. The Houthis, backed by Iran, are supporting the Palestinian cause in Gaza.
- The jet stream has drifted so far north that temps in Alaska will be in the 40s in January.
- Ozempic, developed to control type 2 diabetes, can assist others in dramatic weight loss.
- More than 350,000 jobs were added to the US economy in the past month.
- The House may refuse to consider a bi-partisan bill passed by the Senate and kill an attempt to resolve border problems.
Being informed about current events requires an ever-broadening background knowledge of geography, politics, culture and religion, history, climate, meteorology, and prescriptive medicine to name only a few topics. The news snippets jump from one to another so quickly and without providing context that a casual observer can easily throw up their hands with a “This is too much for me!”. Of course, this is said assuming folks want to be informed.
Scaffolds and spirals power background knowledge development.
Good curricular design in schools is built upon a planned instruction of subjects at the right time and at the right developmental level. Coupled with teaching strategies that reinforce, expand, and grow a child’s knowledge base, children gain an active and working contextual knowledge of their world. Graduates obviously do not know everything; they are not walking encyclopedias. But their background knowledge is adequate for them to know that the issue of Israel and an independent Palestinian state has been a continuing and unresolved conflict since the end of WW2. They know where the Red Sea is on the globe and how the Red Sea fits into global maritime routes. And they know that the west-to-east jet stream directs weather patterns across North America and a jet stream across Alaska will cause the lower 48 states to have warmer to hotter temperatures.
Instruction of background knowledge is scaffolded beginning in early elementary classes so that all children have access to general information. Scaffolding ensures that all children receive developmentally appropriate learning. Initial instruction provides facts that are developed into generalizations and generalizations are applied to newer information so that similarities and differences can be analyzed and evaluated. Across grade levels information is spiraled from simple facts to increasingly complex and sophisticated knowledge. Although children learn about United State history in elementary, middle school, and high school, each new rung on the social studies spiral causes more extensive understanding and consideration of our historical events and their importance to what is happening in our country today.
Taken as a whole, social studies, sciences, the arts, language and communications, human relationships each play a part in completing a child’s background knowledge. It is impossible to sort out, to overvalue or devalue any educational experience, as all experiences lead to a better educated graduate – one who is prepared for a greater understanding of their world.
What knowledge is essential?
Robert Marzano in “Building Background Knowledge for Academic Achievement: Research on What Works in Schools (ASCD, 2004) wrote that our capacity to access and use background knowledge relies upon innate fluid intelligence and the frequency and repetition of our academic experiences or intentional learning episodes. Marzano provides educators in this work and others with both the research and the “game plan” for instructional designs that will teach all children a wealth of content knowledge. He addresses how educators can develop deep and meaningful academic experiences that will enrich a child’s mental storehouse of background knowledge. In the book’s appendix, Marzano categorizes background/content knowledge in groupings that make learning of associated facts more effective and efficient. I am a great fan of Marzano and his clinical approach to presenting strategies for improving the education of all children.
The issue of fluid intelligence is child centric. Ken Jennings, the GOAT of TV’s Jeopardy! may best personify the combination of fluid intelligence and intentional learning. His quick-fire knowledge of trivia displays a phenomenal cache of specific AND background knowledge and his gift of instant recall.
Another author, E. D. Hirsch, Jr., wrote and later updated his take on “Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know”. Hirsch makes a compelling argument that for a person today to understand current events and trends in the news a person must have contextual background knowledge. Without background everything is new news. A reading of Cultural Literacy is a wonderful checkpoint of what one knows, knew but forgot, or should relearn.
Google and Siri are great!
When I was a child, my parents invested in a set of encyclopedias. Our 1958 set of the Compton’s Encyclopedia truly was a financial investment as well as the purchase of “the” family source for things we did not know about. We “dog eared” too many pages believing that turning down the corner of the page would always allow us to get right back to the latest facts we had learned. Whether at home or in a library, sets of encyclopedias were our go to source for information. However, like the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature, encyclopedias and almanacs were as up to date as the day of the first printing and today they are museum pieces.
The Internet and search engines changed the world. With a few keystrokes or spoken words, facts and information are at our fingertips. Many children today tell me that it is not worth their time to study school subjects, because Google or Siri will tell them what they need to know. In fact, I often am told that a college education is a waste of time and money, because “Google will tell me everything I need to know”.
Google or ask Siri to know but develop background knowledge to understand.
I confess to being an avid Googler and asker of Siri. There are facts and information I do not know or have forgotten and these two are always willing to inform me. My tablet, phone, and watch are conduits to a world of facts. I ask and am told, but I do not always understand.
News about Red Sea connects with me because I live near the bay of Green Bay, WI. Green Bay is about 17 miles wide from where I live in Door County to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. I was standing at a Door County overlook seeing the coast of the UP in the distance when I Googled the width of the Red Sea near Yemen. I learned the narrowest width is 20 miles. I have seen 1000-foot ore boats on the Great Lakes and Maersk cargo ships sea. A Maersk is about 1300 feet in length. As I looked to the north over the bay, I could visualize a cargo ship and its vulnerability to attack along the gauntlet of the Red Sea. Google gave me the Red Sea dimension. Background knowledge provided a context against which that dimension could be compared and an appreciation of what is happening in the Red Sea today.
Finally, background knowledge helps us to answer “so what” questions. Facts are just facts outside of the framework of contextual question. It is a fact that the world produces enough food each year to feed the entire population. It also is a fact that people die of starvation every day. Background knowledge sadly fills in the story between these two facts.
Whenever I am in conversation with children, I listen to what they have to say and almost always respond with “… what do you think (or how do you feel) about that?”. As children learn new information, we must assist them to put their new learning into context. It starts with their thinking and feeling. Once they begin to personally relate to the information, that information moves into Marzano’s field of background knowledge.
A child can Google or ask Siri anything, but only the child can make sense of what Google or Siri says.